Recent Developments In Electrical Energy Storage And Their Applications In Power Systems

Abstract

This study offers a comprehensive review and comparison of various Energy Storage Systems (ESS), analyzing their characteristics, performance metrics, and potential applications. The systems discussed include lead-acid, lithium-ion, sodium-sulfur, flywheel, and pumped hydro, each demonstrating distinct advantages in areas such as energy efficiency, density, power output, cycle life, and self-discharge rates. Lithium-ion and sodium-sulfur technologies show considerable promise for high-density energy applications, while flywheels and electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) excel in power density and cycle longevity. The study highlights the growing importance of hybrid energy storage devices (HESDs), which combine the benefits of multiple ESS technologies to meet diverse energy demands. However, it also acknowledges the limitations, such as the exclusion of emerging technologies and reliance on secondary data, mainly for large-scale applications. Future advancements should focus on reducing costs, enhancing efficiency, and improving the lifespan of ESS technologies, offering valuable insights for their optimization in renewable energy, grid support, and electric vehicles.