Pharmacological Interventions For Cardiovascular Disease: Current Strategies And Future Directions

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading
cause of global morbidity and mortality,
necessitating innovative and effective management
strategies. Pharmacological interventions are
central to mitigating risk factors such as
hypertension, dyslipidemia, and thrombosis, while
emerging therapies offer avenues to target
molecular pathways implicated in CVD
pathophysiology. Current approaches, including
antihypertensives, statins, antiplatelets, and
anticoagulants, have significantly reduced disease
burden but face limitations in adherence,
accessibility, and individualized therapy. Novel
agents, such as PCSK9 inhibitors, sodium-glucose
co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, and
interleukin-1β antagonists, represent a paradigm
shift toward precision medicine. Emerging
technologies, including RNA-based therapeutics,
nanotechnology-driven drug delivery, and geneediting
tools like CRISPR, further highlight the
transformative potential of personalized and
preventive care. This review synthesizes
advancements in pharmacological treatments for
CVD, emphasizing the integration of digital health
innovations and biomarker-guided therapies to
enhance efficacy and safety. A comparative analysis
of traditional and emerging strategies underscores
the critical need for cost-effective solutions and
equitable healthcare access. These findings aim to
guide clinicians and researchers in optimizing
therapeutic outcomes and addressing future
challenges in CVD management.