Sankardeva and the Assamese Bhakti Movement

Abstract

The Neo-Vaishnavite movement initiated by Srimanta Sankardeva (1449-1568) in medieval Assam represents one of the most significant socio-religious transformations in northeastern India. This research examines Sankardeva's revolutionary contribution to the Bhakti movement through his establishment of Ekasarana Dharma, which emphasized devotional surrender to a singular divine entity—Krishna as Narayana. The study analyzes his multifaceted genius encompassing literature, music, dance, drama, and social reform that fundamentally reshaped Assamese cultural identity. Through his transcreation of the Bhagavata Purana, creation of Borgeet devotional songs, development of Ankiya Naat theatrical performances, and establishment of Sattra monastic institutions, Sankardeva created an inclusive religious framework that transcended caste, class, and tribal divisions. The movement's emphasis on congregational worship, vernacular literature, and egalitarian principles fostered unprecedented social unity while preserving distinct regional cultural characteristics. This comprehensive analysis employs historical methodology, textual analysis, and socio-cultural examination to demonstrate how Sankardeva's Bhakti movement not only transformed religious practice but also laid the foundation for modern Assamese cultural identity, creating lasting institutions that continue to influence contemporary society.